FSGS

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, also known as "focal glomerular sclerosis" or "focal nodular glomerulosclerosis," is a histopathologic finding of scarring of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein loss in the urine. FSGS is a leading cause of excess protein loss--nephrotic syndrome--in children and adults. Signs and symptoms include proteinuria, water retention, and edema. Kidney failure is a common long-term complication of disease. FSGS can be classified as primary versus secondary depending on whether a particular toxic or pathologic stressor can be identified as the cause. Diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, and treatment consists of glucocorticoids and other immune-modulatory drugs. Response to therapy is variable, with a significant portion of patients progressing to end-stage kidney failure.